Non-Native Forest Tree Species in Europe: The Question of Seed Origin in Afforestation

Non-native forest tree species have been introduced in Europe since the 16th century, but only second half of 20th century significance seed source origin for their economic use was recognized, resulting establishment numerous provenance trials at a national, regional, European and International level, as those led by IUFRO. Breeding programs also launched continent most economically important species. Aim this work is formulation recommendations planting five non-native (Douglas fir, grand Sitka spruce, lodgepole pine black locust), based on information obtained from twenty countries, frame EU FP-1403 NNEXT Cost Action. The survey revealed that official non-official national recommendations, research results, elaborated followed different level extend above species, Douglas fir exist almost all participating to countries. compilation across each presented current work. Besides recommended sources, sources are preferred planting, due ease access high availability reproductive material. breeding yielding genetic material productivity quality constitute currently choice several Consolidation trial data countries will allow joint analysis urgently needed draw solid conclusions, facilitate development ‘Universal-Response-Functions’ interest, rendering possible identification suitable global change. New series test entire climatic range established sites falling within outside environmental envelopes natural ranges, pinpoint understand species-specific climate constraints, well correlate functional traits conditions sites, so selection face change can be feasible.